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(a) somatic vs. hereditary vs. in-utero effects (5 points) / Somatic effects : The effects on somatic cells of exposed individual itself / Hereditary effects : The effects on germ cells and the effects appear on ones descendants / In-utero effects : The effects on fetus/embryo cells ( They are not hereditary effects even though the effects appear on ones descendant but rather a special case of the somatic effect ) (b) acute vs. chronic effects (5 points) / Acute effects : The fast responses due to mostly high radiation exposure / Chronic effects : Latent effects (c) deterministic vs. stochastic effects (5 points) / Deterministic effects : non-stochastic effects and proportional to the severity of the effects with threshold / Stochastic effects : probabilistic effects with no threshold and proportional to probability of occurrences (d) detrimental vs. hormesis effects (5 points) / Detrimental effects : The harmful effects of radiation / Hormesis effects : The beneficial effects of radiation, mostly from low level exposure ( There consider : growth stimulation, reproduction increase, suppression of diseases and death rates, and life extension as the radiation hormesis. ) Problem 2 (20 points) : Compute ALI and DAC of I-131 through inhalation Data : / (controlling) / = fraction uptake to the thyroid after inhalation = 0.2 / radiological half-life = 8.05 days / biological half-life of iodine in the thyroid = 138 days <Solution> The effective half-life of I-131 is, And, the effective elimination constant of I-131 is, The effective committed dose equivalent to thyroid is given by : The number of nuclear transformations over 50 years in thyroid per unit intake (1 Bq) of I-131 is, Therefore, / limit on effective dose equivalent (5 rem/year) - - / limit on organ dose (50 rem/year) - - Problem 3 (10 points) : Explain the functions of the followings of a cell : ^